<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нервно-мышечные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-8721</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-0443</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">524</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-8721-2023-13-1-33-43</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Change in the spectrum of detected mutations in the <italic>DMD</italic> gene depending on the methodological capabilities of the laboratory</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменение спектра выявленных мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic> в зависимости от методических возможностей лаборатории</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-7996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Елена Витальевна Зинин,</bold></p><p>115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><email>zininalen@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8674-7230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulakh</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булах</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1285-9093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhkova</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжкова</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-1303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchagina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щагина</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-1833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Zinina E.V., Bulakh M.V., Ryzhkova O.P., Shchagina O.A., Polyakov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Зинина Е.В., Булах М.В., Рыжкова О.П., Щагина О.А., Поляков А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zinina E.V., Bulakh M.V., Ryzhkova O.P., Shchagina O.A., Polyakov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зинина Е.В., Булах М.В., Рыжкова О.П., Щагина О.А., Поляков А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/524">https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/524</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive form of muscular dystrophy that occurs in children between one and three years of age. The disease is mainly characterized by weakness of the proximal muscles, which leads to difficulty in movement, and ultimately to complete disability. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a milder allelic form of the disorder characterized by late onset and slow progression. The cause of the development of DMD/BMD is mutations in the DMD gene, leading to a deficiency in the production of various isoforms of the dystrophin protein family. The most common mutations in case of DMD/BMD are gross deletions (55–65 %) and duplications (6–11 %) of one or several exons The remaining cases of DMD/BMD are due to small mutations (approximately 20–30 %). Depending on the methodological capabilities of the laboratory, the idea of the spectrum of mutations in the DMD gene changed, which is important in genetic counseling of patients and planning the therapy available today.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To analyze the spectrum of mutations in the DMD gene, including three time slices, depending on the methodological capabilities of the laboratory.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. We analyzed the spectrum of mutations in the DMD gene for a sample of 2957 patients admitted to the laboratory of DNA diagnostics of the Research Centre for Medical Genetics with a referral diagnosis of DMD/BMD. Depending on the time of treatment and the capabilities of the laboratory, patients were divided into three groups: 2008–2015, 2016–2018, 2019–2022.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. As a result of the study, the full range of mutations in the DMD gene was analyzed over three-time intervals, which makes it possible to get an idea of the distribution of mutation types in the sample among Russian patients. Regardless of the methodological capabilities of the laboratory, the spectrum of mutations in the DMD gene remains biased relative to world data. At the moment, there is a significant decrease in the proportion of extended deletions (50.7–59.6 %), while the proportion of extended duplications (11.8–17.2 %) and small mutations (23.2–35.0 %) increased. We assume that the main reason for such features of the spectrum is ethnic and population differences.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy, accounting for more than 50 % of all cases. Determination of the spectrum of mutations provides an understanding of their frequencies, which in the future may help patients in the appointment of therapy specific to a particular type of mutation. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна (МДД) – тяжелая прогрессирующая форма мышечных дистрофий, проявляющаяся у детей в возрасте от 1 до 3 лет. Заболевание в основном характеризуется слабостью проксимальных мышц, что приводит к затруднениям при движении и в конечном итоге к полной инвалидизации. Мышечная дистрофия Беккера (МДБ) – более мягкая аллельная форма болезни, для которой характерны поздняя манифестация и медленное прогрессирование. Причиной развития МДД/МДБ служат мутации в гене <italic>DMD</italic>, приводящие к дефициту продукции различных изоформ семейства белка дистрофина. Самыми распространенными мутациями при МДД/МДБ являются протяженные делеции (55–65 %) и дупликации (6–11 %) одного или нескольких экзонов. Остальные случаи МДД/МДБ обусловлены точечными мутациями (до 20–30 %). В зависимости от методических возможностей лаборатории менялось представление о спектре мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic>, что имеет значение при генетическом консультировании пациентов и планировании доступной в настоящее время терапии.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – анализ спектра мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic>, включающий 3 временных отрезка, в зависимости от методических возможностей лаборатории.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Проанализирован спектр мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic> для выборки из 2957 пациентов, исследованных в лаборатории ДНК-диагностики ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова» с направляющим диагнозом МДД/МДБ. В зависимости от времени обращения и возможностей лаборатории пациенты были разделены на 3 группы: 2008–2015, 2016–2018 и 2019–2022 гг.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В результате проведенного исследования проанализирован полный спектр мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic> за 3 временных отрезка, позволяющий получить представление о распределении типов мутаций в выборке среди российских пациентов. Независимо от методических возможностей лаборатории в разные временные периоды спектр мутаций в гене <italic>DMD</italic> остается смещенным относительно мировых данных. В настоящее время наблюдается значительное снижение доли протяженных делеций (50,7–59,6 %), в то время как доли протяженных дупликаций (11,8–17,2 %) и точечных мутаций (23,2–35,0 %) увеличены. Основной причиной таких особенностей спектра, мы предполагаем, являются этнические и популяционные различия.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. МДД/МДБ – наиболее частые формы мышечных дистрофий, на которые приходится более 50 % всех случаев. Определение спектра мутаций дает понимание об их частотах, что в будущем может помочь пациентам в назначении терапии, специфичной для конкретного типа мутаций. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy</kwd><kwd>gene DMD</kwd><kwd>mutation spectrum</kwd><kwd>DNA diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна/Беккера</kwd><kwd>ген DMD</kwd><kwd>спектр мутаций</kwd><kwd>ДНК-диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">State budget financing.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное финансирование.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arora H. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: still an incurable disease. Neurol Ind 2019;67(3):717–23. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.263203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Sinha R., Sarkar S., Khaitan T., Dutta S. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: case report and review. J Family Med Prim Care 2017;6(3):654. DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.222015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Duan D., Goemans N., Takeda S. et al. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021;7(1):13. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00248-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Waldrop M.A., Flanigan K.M. Update in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Cur Opin Neurol 2019;32(5):722–7. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000739</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Iskandar K., Dwianingsih E.K., Pratiwi L. et al. The analysis of DMD gene deletions by multiplex PCR in Indonesian DMD/BMD patients: the era of personalized medicine. BMC Res Notes 2019;12(1):704. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4730-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Blake D.J., Weir A., Newey S.E., Davies K.E. Function and genetics of dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins in muscle. Physiol Rev 2002;82(2):291–329. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Koenig M., Hoffman E.P., Bertelson C.J. et al. Complete cloning of the duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals. Cell 1987;50(3):509–17. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90504-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Chamberlain J.R., Chamberlain J.S. Progress toward gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther 2017;25(5):1125–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.02.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Beggs A.H., Kunkel L.M. Improved diagnosis of Duchenne/ Becker muscular dystrophy. J Clin Invest 1990;85(3):613–9. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114482</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Falzarano M., Scotton C., Passarelli C., Ferlini A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: from diagnosis to therapy. Molecules 2015;20(10):18168–84. DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Hu X.Y., Ray P.N., Murphy E.G. et al. Duplicational mutation at the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus: its frequency, distribution, origin, and phenotypegenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 1990;46(4):682–95.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit. Available at: https://worldwide.promega.com/-/media/files/resources/protcards/wizard-genomic-dna-purification-kit-quick-protocol.pdf?rev=4cc2e14ff84c4281a97eb50b32755c33&amp;sc_lang=en.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>MRC Holland: Confidence in Copy Number Determination. Available at: https://www.mrcholland.com.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Fratter C., Dalgleish R., Allen S.K. et al. EMQN best practice guidelines for genetic testing in dystrophinopathies. Eur J Hum Genet 2020;28(9):1141–59. DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0643-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sequence Variant Nomenclature. Available at: http://varnomen.hgvs.org.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>NGSData. Available at: https://new.fips.ru/registers-doc-view/fips_servlet?DB=EVM&amp;DocNumber=2021614055&amp;TypeFile=html.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova O.P., Kardymon O.L., Prohorchuk E.B. et al. Guidelines for the interpretation of massive parallel sequencing variants (update 2018, v.2). Meditsinskaya genetika = Medical Genetics 2019;18(2):3–24. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-2318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова О.П., Кардымон О.Л., Прохорчук Е.Б. и др. Руководство по интерпретации данных последовательности ДНК человека, полученных методами массового параллельного секвенирования (MPS) (редакция 2018, версия 2). Медицинская генетика 2019;18(2):3–24. DOI: 10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-2318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Schwartz M., Dunø M. Improved molecular diagnosis of dystrophin gene mutations using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method. Genet Test 2004;8(4):361–7. DOI: 10.1089/gte.2004.8.361</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ji X., Zhang J., Xu Y. et al. MLPA application in clinical diagnosis of DMD/BMD in Shanghai: MLPA application in clinical diagnosis of DMB/BMD. J Clin Lab Anal 2015;29(5):405–11. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21787</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Flanigan K.M., Dunn D.M., von Niederhausern A. et al. Mutational spectrum of DMD mutations in dystrophinopathy patients: application of modern diagnostic techniques to a large cohort. Hum Mutat 2009;30(12):1657–66. DOI: 10.1002/humu.21114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Bladen C.L., Salgado D., Monges S. et al. The TREAT-NMD DMD Global Database: analysis of more than 7,000 Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations. Hum Mut 2015;36(4):395–402. DOI: 10.1002/humu.22758</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kong X., Zhong X., Liu L. et al. Genetic analysis of 1051 Chinese families with Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. BMC Med Genet 2019;20(1):139–45. DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0873-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Neri M., Rossi R., Trabanelli C. et al. The genetic landscape of dystrophin mutations in Italy: a nationwide study. Front Genet 2020;11:131. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00131</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Okubo M., Minami N., Goto K. et al. Genetic diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy using next-generation sequencing: validation analysis of DMD mutations. J Hum Genet 2016;61(6):483–9. DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bushby K., Lynn S., Straub T. Collaborating to bring new therapies to the patient – the TREAT-NMD model. Acta Myol 2009;28(1):12–5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dunnen J.T., Beggs A.H. Multiplex PCR for identifying DMD gene deletions. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 2006;49(1). DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0903s49</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Giliberto F., Ferreiro V., Massot F. et al. Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy by short tandem repeat segregation analysis in argentine families: DMD molecular prenatal diagnosis. Muscle Nerve 2011;43(4):510–17. DOI: 10.1002/mus.21904</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun C., Shen L., Zhang Z., Xie X. Therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an update. Genes 2020;11(8):837. DOI: 10.3390/genes11080837</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun C., Shen L., Zhang Z., Xie X. Therapeutic strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an update. Genes 2020;11(8):837.https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/editor/submissionEngCit/524 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080837</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Takeshima Y., Yagi M., Okizuka Y. et al. Mutation spectrum of the dystrophin gene in 442 Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy cases from one Japanese referral center. J Hum Genet 2010;55(6):379–88. DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2010.49</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zamani G., Bereshneh A.H., Malamiri A.R. et al. The first comprehensive cohort of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Iranian population: mutation spectrum of 314 patients and identifying two novel nonsense mutations. J Mol Neurosci 2020;70(10):1565–73. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01594-9</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
