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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нервно-мышечные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-8721</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-0443</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">601</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-8721-2024-14-2-38-43</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Calculating pain sensation in neuropathies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка болевой чувствительности при невропатиях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soufla</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Soufla</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="GR">Greece</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antigoni Soufla </p><p>Athens 115 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Antigoni Soufla </p><p>Афины 115 27</p></bio><email>antigosoufla@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmelz</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mannheim 68167</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мангейм 68167</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rukwied</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mannheim 68167</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мангейм 68167</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kokotis</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><address><country country="GR">Greece</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Athens 115 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Афины 115 27</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Aeginition University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университетская больница Эгинитион, Школа медицины, Афинский национальный университет им. Каподистрии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский факультет в Мангейме, Гейдельбергский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-24"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Soufla A., Schmelz M., Rukwied R., Kokotis P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Soufla А., Schmelz M., Rukwied R., Kokotis P.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soufla A., Schmelz M., Rukwied R., Kokotis P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Soufla А., Schmelz M., Rukwied R., Kokotis P.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/601">https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/601</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim. </bold>Evaluating pain sensation after C nociceptor activation with transdermal sinusoidal current wave stimulation protocol and skin biopsy.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Healthy volunteers aged 20–30 years (17 females and 18 males) participated after having given their informed consent. Half‑sine wave pulses of 0.5 sec duration (1 Hz) were generated at intensities of 0.2 to 1 mA by a constant current stimulator. Apart from half‑sine wave stimulation, sine wave pulses of 60 sec duration (4 Hz) were generated at intensity of 0.2 mA also by the constant current stimulator (Digitimer Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK) controlled by DAPSYS 8 (www.dapsys.net). Moreover, we performed 3‑mm skin punch biopsies 10 cm above the lateral malleolus of the leg and in the middle of the volar side of the forearm to the volunteer’s group.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> Delivering transdermal sinusoidal half‑sine wave when trying to stimulate mechano‑sensitive C fibers, when the amplitude of the delivered wave is increased from 0.2 to 1 mA according to our protocol, pain sensation is also increased following the same scheme. If we observe a different scheme of activation in C fibers, this could be a sign of neuropathic pain. Considering the mechano‑insensitive C fibers of pain, when trying to stimulate them we expect increasing pain sensation and then familiarization, desensitization and reduction of pain sensation. As a result, if this scheme isn’t observed when sine wave is delivered transdermal with 1 min of duration, and we observe a different scheme, a C fiber neuropathy and neuropathic pain could be involved. Regarding the skin biopsies, a correlation between pain sensation of sine wave (delivered transdermal to stimulate mechano‑insensitive C fibers of pain on the forearm), and the nerve fiber density was observed. A correlation between the bifurcated fibers of the biopsy site and the pain sensation was observed when mechanosensitive and mechano‑insensitive fibers are stimulated, which needs further investigation. Also, a correlation between the remnant nerve fibers of subepidermal nerve plexus and mechano‑insensitive nerve fibers of pain is observed that also needs further investigation.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Skin biopsy and transdermal electrical stimulation are very promising available tools of diagnosing C fiber neuropathies and assessing neuropathic pain.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>– оценка болевых ощущений после активации C‑ноцицептора с помощью протокола трансдермальной синусоидальной стимуляции током и биопсии кожи.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследовании участвовали здоровые добровольцы в возрасте 20–30 лет (17 женщин и 18 мужчин), подписавшие информированное согласие. Полусинусоидальные импульсы длительностью 0,5 с (1 Гц) генерировались при интенсивности от 0,2 до 1 мА с помощью стимулятора постоянного тока. Помимо стимуляции полусинусоидальными импульсами, также с помощью стимулятора постоянного тока (Digitimer Ltd, Уэлин‑Гарден‑Сити, Великобритания) под управлением системы DAPSYS 8 (www.dapsys.net) генерировались синусоидальные импульсы длительностью 60 с (4 Гц) с интенсивностью 0,2 мА. Кроме того, мы выполнили группе добровольцев 3‑миллиметровую пункционную биопсию кожи на 10 см выше латеральной лодыжки и в середине ладонной стороны предплечья.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> При подаче чрескожной синусоидальной полусинусоидальной волны для стимуляции механочувстви‑</p><p>тельных C‑волокон при увеличении амплитуды волны от 0,2 до 1 мА по нашему протоколу по той же схеме усиливаются и болевые ощущения. Если наблюдается другая схема активации С‑волокон, это может быть признаком нейропатической боли. При попытке стимуляции механонечувствительных С‑волокон болевой чувствительности мы ожидаем усиления болевых ощущений, а затем привыкания, десенсибилизации и снижения боли. Если эта схема не соблюдается при чрескожной подаче синусоидальной волны длительностью 1 мин, могут иметь место невропатия С‑волокон и нейропатическая боль. Что касается биопсии кожи, наблюдалась корреляция между болевым ощущением от синусоидальной волны (доставляемой чрескожно для стимуляции механонечувствительных С‑волокон болевой чувствительности на предплечье) и плотностью нервных волокон. При стимуляции механочувствительных и механонечувствительных волокон наблюдалась корреляция между раздвоенными волокнами места биопсии и болевым ощущением, что требует дальнейшего изучения. Кроме того, наблюдалась корреляция между остаточными нервными волокнами субэпидермального нервного сплетения и механонечувствительными нервными волокнами болевой чувствительности, что также требует дальнейшего изучения.</p><p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Биопсия кожи и чрескожная электростимуляция являются весьма многообещающими доступными инструментами диагностики нейропатий С‑волокон и оценки нейропатической боли.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuropathic pain</kwd><kwd>painful neuropathy</kwd><kwd>peripheral neuropathy</kwd><kwd>chronic pain</kwd><kwd>nerve fibers</kwd><kwd>sinusoidal transdermal stimulation</kwd><kwd>skin biopsy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейропатическая боль</kwd><kwd>болевая нейропатия</kwd><kwd>периферическая нейропатия</kwd><kwd>хроническая боль</kwd><kwd>нервные волокна</kwd><kwd>синусоидальная чрескожная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>биопсия кожи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Dr. A. Soufla would like to express her gratitude to Pr. Dr. Panagiotis Kokotis for his valuable support and assistance during the research process.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Доктор A. Soufla выражает благодарность проф. P. Kokotis за его ценную поддержку и помощь в ходе исследования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1.	Mendell L.M. Computational functions of neurons and circuits signaling injury: Relationship to pain behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(Suppl 3):15596–601. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1012195108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendell L.M. Computational functions of neurons and circuits signaling injury: Relationship to pain behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(Suppl 3):15596–601. 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