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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нервно-мышечные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-8721</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-0443</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">632</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-8721-2024-14-4-21-28</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Quantitative and structural features of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes in patients with spinal muscular atrophy 5q</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Количественные и структурные особенности генов SMN1 и SMN2 у пациентов со спинальной мышечной атрофией 5q</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3727-8017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasenko</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власенко</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 2 Akkuratova St., Saint Petersburg 197341 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-8790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6–8 Lva Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Владимир Дмитриевич Назаров </p><p> 197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8 </p></bio><email>nazarov19932@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-3699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6–8 Lva Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-6507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazing</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазинг</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6–8 Lva Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-0759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Surkova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суркова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6–8 Lva Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-3319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Blinova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блинова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 6–8 Lva Tolstogo St., Saint Petersburg 197022 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 197022 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-1165</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 2 Akkuratova St., Saint Petersburg 197341 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Vlasenko A.I., Nazarov V.D., Lapin S.V., Mazing A.V., Surkova E.A., Blinova T.V., Alekseeva T.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Власенко А.И., Назаров В.Д., Лапин С.В., Мазинг А.В., Суркова Е.А., Блинова Т.В., Алексеева Т.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasenko A.I., Nazarov V.D., Lapin S.V., Mazing A.V., Surkova E.A., Blinova T.V., Alekseeva T.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власенко А.И., Назаров В.Д., Лапин С.В., Мазинг А.В., Суркова Е.А., Блинова Т.В., Алексеева Т.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/632">https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/632</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons. The cause of neurodegeneration is predominantly a homozygous deletion of the SMN1 gene, leading to a decrease in the synthesis of the SMN protein. The clinical picture of the disease is heterogeneous and varies depending on the age of onset and the ability to perform motor functions. Several genetic and molecular modifiers have been identified that are thought to influence the severity of SMA. One of the most proven factors is the number of copies of the SMN2 gene.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. Description of quantitative and structural features of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes in patients with SMA 5q.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study included DNA samples from patients examined for the number of copies of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes at the Scientific and Methodological Center for Molecular Medicine, I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, for the period from 2021 to 2022. Gene copy numbers were determined by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification using the SALSA MLPA P021 SMA kit (MRC Holland). We assessed an indirect parameter of aggressiveness (the age of the patient’s visit to the laboratory) to assess the severity of clinical manifestations of SMA. Statistical analysis was carried out using the statistical data processing program GraphPad Prism9.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. A statistically significant direct correlation was found when studying the relationship between the number of copies of the SMN2 gene and the age of molecular diagnosis (r = 0.3960, p &lt;0.0001). An assessment of the significance of differences between individual groups of patients gave a statistically significant result: &lt;0.0001 when comparing groups of patients with 2 and 3 copies; &lt;0.0001 – with 2 and 4 copies; 0.0370 – with 3 and 4 copies. 9 % of patients had a hybrid SMN1/SMN2 structure. Therefore, the significance of differences between the age of molecular diagnosis of patients with homozygous deletion of SMN1 and the age of molecular diagnosis of patients with the hybrid SMN1/SMN2 gene between groups with the same number of copies of the SMN2 gene was assessed. A statistically significant result (p = 0.0070) was found between patients with SMN1 deletion + 2 copies of SMN2 and patients with the hybrid gene SMN1/SMN2 + 2 copies of SMN2.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. The number of SMN2 gene copies correlates with the age of molecular diagnosis and indirectly predicts the age of SMA onset. The effect of the SMN1/SMN2 hybrid gene on the age of molecular diagnosis of SMA was comparable to the effect of the regular SMN2 gene.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Спинальная мышечная атрофия (СМА) представляет собой аутосомно-рецессивное нервно-мышечное заболевание, характеризующееся потерей двигательных нейронов. Причиной нейродегенерации является преимущественно гомозиготная делеция гена SMN1, приводящая к снижению синтеза белка SMN. Клиническая картина заболевания гетерогенна и варьирует в зависимости от возраста начала и от способности выполнять двигательные функции. Было идентифицировано несколько генетических и молекулярных модификаторов, предположительно влияющих на тяжесть течения СМА. Одним из наиболее доказанных факторов является количество копий гена SMN2.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – описание количественных и структурных особенностей генов SMN1 и SMN2 у пациентов со СМА 5q.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование были включены образцы ДНК пациентов, обследованных на количество копий генов SMN1 и SMN2 в Научно-методическом центре по молекулярной медицине Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова за период с 2021 по 2022 г. Количество копий генов определялось с помощью метода мультиплексной амплификации лигированных зондов с использованием набора SALSA MLPA P021 SMA (MRC Holland). Для оценки тяжести клинических проявлений СМА оценивался непрямой параметр агрессивности – возраст обращения пациента в лабораторию. Статистический анализ проводился с использованием программы для статистической обработки данных GraphPad Prism9.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. При исследовании связи между количеством копий гена SMN2 и возрастом установления молекулярного диагноза была обнаружена статистически значимая прямая корреляция (r = 0,3960, p &lt;0,0001). Оценка достоверности различий между отдельными группами пациентов дала статистически значимый результат: &lt;0,0001 при сравнении групп пациентов с 2 и 3 копиями гена; &lt;0,0001 – с 2 и 4 копиями; 0,0370 – с 3 и 4 копиями. В исследованной группе образцов у 9 % была обнаружена гибридная структура SMN1/SMN2. Поэтому проводилась оценка достоверности различий между возрастом установления молекулярного диагноза у пациентов с гомозиготной делецией SMN1 и возрастом установления молекулярного диагноза у пациентов с гибридным геном SMN1/SMN2 между группами с одинаковым количеством копий гена SMN2. Был выявлен статистически значимый результат (p = 0,0070) между пациентами с делецией SMN1 + 2 копии SMN2 и пациентами с гибридным геном SMN1/SMN2 + 2 копии SMN2.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Число копий гена SMN2 коррелирует с возрастом установления молекулярного диагноза и косвенно является предиктором возраста дебюта СМА. Эффект гибридного гена SMN1/SMN2 на возраст установления молекулярного диагноза СМА был сравним с воздействием обычного гена SMN2.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinal muscular atrophy 5q</kwd><kwd>SMN1</kwd><kwd>SMN2</kwd><kwd>survival motor neuron protein</kwd><kwd>modifier</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спинальная мышечная атрофия 5q</kwd><kwd>SMN1</kwd><kwd>SMN2</kwd><kwd>белок выживаемости мотонейронов</kwd><kwd>модификатор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Butchbach M. Genomic variability in the survival motor neuron genes (SMN1 and SMN2): Implications for spinal muscular atrophy phenotype and therapeutics development. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22(15):7896. 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