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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Neuromuscular Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нервно-мышечные болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-8721</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-0443</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-8721-2024-14-4-40-50</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Temporal characteristics of the human mirror neuron system. Research using transcranial magnetic stimulation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Временной профиль активации системы зеркальных нейронов при наблюдении за движением. Исследование при помощи транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-9056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nieto-Doval</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нието-Доваль</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 20 Myasnitskaya St., Моscow 101000 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 101000 Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4370-4249</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ragimova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рагимова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aynur Aligeydarovna Ragimova</p><p> 20 Myasnitskaya St., Моscow 101000 </p><p> 80 Volokolamskoe Shosse, Моscow 125367 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Айнур Алигейдаровна Рагимова</p><p>101000 Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20 </p><p>125367 Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 80 </p></bio><email>ragimovaasia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-4222</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyazmin</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вязьмин</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 20 Myasnitskaya St., Моscow 101000 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 101000 Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3460-0633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevtsov</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевцов</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 20 Myasnitskaya St., Моscow 101000 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 101000 Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-6764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Feurra</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Феурра</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> 20 Myasnitskaya St., Моscow 101000 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 101000 Москва, ул. Мясницкая, 20 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Cognition and Decision making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр нейроэкономики и когнитивных исследований, Институт когнитивных нейронаук, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Nieto-Doval K., Ragimova A.A., Vyazmin A.O., Shevtsov O.I., Feurra M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Нието-Доваль К., Рагимова А.А., Вязьмин А.О., Шевцов О.И., Феурра М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nieto-Doval K., Ragimova A.A., Vyazmin A.O., Shevtsov O.I., Feurra M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нието-Доваль К., Рагимова А.А., Вязьмин А.О., Шевцов О.И., Феурра М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/634">https://nmb.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/634</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Mirror neurons (MN) are integral to linking the perception of actions with their execution, activating during both action observation and execution. While extensive research has elucidated their functional roles, the temporal dynamics of MN responses in humans remain insufficiently understood.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To investigate the temporal profile of MN activity during hand movement observation using transcranial magnetic stimulation at at different time intervals (0, 320, 640, 1000, 1320, 1640 ms from the beginning of the demonstrated movement, time ranges from 1000 to 1640 ms correspond to the time interval after the end of the movement).</p><p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Twenty right-handed participants underwent neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the left primary motor cortex during the observation of hand movements. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous and abductor digiti minimi muscles at various time points relative to movement onset.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. A three-way interaction between movement type, muscle, and time was observed. Muscle-specific responses and intermuscular differences became prominent at 640 ms, extending into post-movement periods (1000, 1320, 1640 ms). Notably, excitatory responses were seen in muscles corresponding to the observed action, while unrelated muscles exhibited inhibitory patterns, intensifying over time.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. These findings reveal a complex excitatory-inhibitory interplay in the MN system, resembling motor surround inhibition. The extended temporal activity of MN suggests their role in processing action completion and potential outcomes. This study provides novel insights into MN dynamics and underscores the relevance of these mechanisms for motor rehabilitation strategies. Further research is required to explore MN activity at extended time points.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Система зеркальных нейронов (СЗН) играет ключевую роль в связывании восприятия действий с их выполнением, активируясь как при наблюдении, так и при выполнении действий. Несмотря на обширные исследования, посвященные функциональным ролям СЗН, временная динамика активации СЗН у людей остается недостаточно изученной.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – измерение временного профиля активности СЗН в процессе наблюдения за движениями рук с использованием транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции на различных временных интервалах (0, 320, 640, 1000, 1320, 1640 мс от начала демонстрируемого движения, временные диапазоны от 1000 до 1640 мс соответствуют временному промежутку после окончания движения).</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Двадцать участников-правшей участвовали в эксперименте с использованием нейронавигационной транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции с воздействием на левую первичную моторную кору во время наблюдения за движениями рук. Вызванные моторные ответы регистрировались с первой дорсальной межкостной мышцы и мышцы, отводящей мизинец, в разные моменты относительно начала движения.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Выявлено 3-стороннее взаимодействие между типом движения, мышцей и временем. Специфические мышечные ответы и межмышечные различия становились явными на 640 мс и сохранялись в период после окончания движения (1000, 1320, 1640 мс). В частности, повышенная активация наблюдалась в мышцах, ассоциированных с воспроизведением наблюдаемого на экране действия, тогда как мышцы, не связанные с выполняемым движением, демонстрировали сниженные уровни активации, которые становились более выраженными с течением времени.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Эти результаты раскрывают сложное возбуждающе-тормозное взаимодействие в CЗН, напоминающее моторное окружающее торможение. Расширенная временная активность СЗН предполагает их роль в обработке после завершения действия. Это исследование предоставляет новые данные о временной динамике СЗН и подчеркивает ее значение для стратегий моторной реабилитации. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для изучения активности СЗН на более длительных временных отрезках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mirror neurons</kwd><kwd>transcranial magnetic stimulation</kwd><kwd>motor inhibition</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зеркальные нейроны</kwd><kwd>транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>моторное торможение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (NRU HSE) Fundamental Research Program and the strategic project “Resilient Brain: Neurocognitive Technologies for Adaptation, Learning, Development, and Rehabilitation of a Person in a Changing Environment” under the NRU HSE development program as part of participation in the Priority 2030 program of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The Priority 2030 program is implemented within the framework of the national project “Science and Universities”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ) и стратегического проекта «Устойчивый мозг: нейрокогнитивные технологии адаптации, обучения, развития и реабилитации человека в изменяющейся среде» по программе развития НИУ ВШЭ в рамках участия в программе Минобрнауки России «Приоритет-2030». Программа «Приоритет-2030» реализуется в рамках национального проекта «Наука и университеты».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rizzolatti G., Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Ann Rev Neurosci 2004;27:169–92. 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