Исторические этапы поиска и разработки терапевтических подходов при миодистрофии Дюшенна. Часть I: период до внедрения этиотропных подходов

Мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна является одной из наиболее распространенных наследственных миодистрофий. Причиной данного заболевания с X‑сцепленным рецессивным типом наследования являются мутации гена DMD, приводящие к отсутствию кодируемого им белка дистрофина или нарушению его функции. Потеря дистрофина приводит к тяжелым дегенеративным процессам у пациентов, особенно в мышечных тканях; следствием этих процессов становятся нарушение функционирования мышц, утрата способности к самостоятельному перемещению, дыхательная недостаточность, кардиомиопатии и др.

Со времени работ Гийома Бенджамена Армана Дюшенна в XIX веке прошло более 160 лет. Несмотря на усилия множества исследователей, разрабатывавших различные терапевтические подходы, призванные если не излечить, то хотя бы облегчить состояние пациентов, немногие из них позволили значительно повлиять на заболевание. Подходы, связанные со специфической терапией ишемии и фиброза в пораженных мышцах, коррекцией гормональной регуляции роста мышечных тканей, методы, направленные на предотвращение избыточного накопления ионов кальция в миоцитах и усиление протеолитических процессов, подавление оксидативного стресса в мышцах и пр., до настоящего времени не показали высокой эффективности как самостоятельно, так и в сочетании с глюкокортикостероидами. Применение глюкокортикостероидных препаратов позволяет замедлить развитие заболевания, но средняя продолжительность жизни пациентов до сих пор не превышает 30–40 лет, большую часть из которых они проводят в инвалидном кресле, при этом качество жизни пациентов бывает дополнительно снижено из‑за регулярно развивающихся побочных эффектов.

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