Low back pain (LBP) is a very common syndrome that is associated with the extremely high rate of temporary disability and the development of chronic pain syndrome. In addition to structural changes in the locomotor system, psychological and social factors contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Drug therapy for chronic LBP frequently gives rise to complications. A physician’s important task in this situation is to prevent pain chronization and to reduce the risk of side effects of treatment. One of the ways to solve this task is to use the vitamin B complex (milgamma) along with analgesics and myorelaxants. The review considers the possible effects of combination therapy in patients with LBP and discusses whether it should be used.

This article provides an overview of the Russian and foreign studies on paraneoplastic opsoсlonus-myoclonus syndrome. Opsoclonus is characterized by involuntary, arrhythmic, chaotic, multi-directional saccades with horizontal, vertical and torsional components, and it is commonly accompanied by cerebellar ataxia and myoclonic jerks in the trunk and limbs. It is a rare neurological disorder of unknown causes which appears to be the result of an autoimmune process involving the nervous system. Paraneoplastic opsoсlonus-myoclonus syndrome is most commonly associated with small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, renal adenocarcinoma. In children, a neuroblastoma is detected in approximately 50% of cases. Many autoantibodies have been detected in patients with paraneoplastic opsoсlonusmyoclonus
syndrome: this finding suggests the involvement of a humoral immune mechanism. However, most patients are seronegative for these autoantibodies. Paraneoplastic opsoсlonus-myoclonus syndrome is less responsive to immunotherapy (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide, or rituximab) and improves only with tumor resection. Further studies are needed to further elucidate its immunopathogenesis and pathophysiology in order to develop novel and efficacious therapy.

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) types I-IV is the most common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene encoding the survival motor neuron protein. It is characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to injury of the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. The classification of the disease is based on the time of its onset, severity, and survival. The detection of the major mutation of exon 7 and/or 8 deletion in the SMN1 gene is a qualitative reliable and sensitive diagnostic test. The SMN1 gene has the almost complete homolog SMN2 gene, which hampers the analysis of heterozygous carriage of the disease. So the determination of the carriage status is based on the quantitative analysis of the number of SMN1 gene copies. The paper covers problems and new possibilities in the
molecular genetic diagnosis of proximal SMA.

Low back pain (LBP) is a common condition occurring in the population in different age groups; it is characterized by a tendency to relapse.
Acute pain may transform to chronic pain, causing patient disability. The goal of LBP treatment is to timely relieve painful sensations so that the patient can return to his/her normal life as soon as possible. The patient is required to participate in the therapeutic process. Ketonal that shows high efficacy and good tolerability is widely used to treat patients with LBP. The medication is available in different dosage forms, which makes it possible to individualize the therapeutic process and to reduce drug load due to its possible topical application.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most serious outcomes of the perinatal lesion of central nervous system and the most common reason for neurological disability in children. Being the key cause of pathological dynamic stereotypes that frequently result in pathological posture and contractures, spasticity is critically important for CP. The use of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in complex treatment 2-6 years old CP patients allows significantly to improve motor abilities, help to change the surgical procedure, delay or even avoid some types of surgery. For elder children the use of BTA allows to improve local motor impairment. The treatment of spasticity in CP with BTA is safe (evidence level A) and highly effective (evidence level A). It leads to the positive change of pathological dynamic stereotype, significantly improves gait, decreases muscle tone with Ashworth and Tardeu scales and rises the gross motor function score. Our own experience of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment as a part of complex therapy in 68 patients with spastic forms of CP demonstrates the significant improvement of motor function, most noticeable in younger patients
(early pre-school age) with GMFS I-III.

Pompe disease (PD), or glycogen storage disease type II, is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal disease caused by glycogen storage in the myocardium, skeletal muscles, and liver. PD, as an orphan disease with a very low prevalence rate, shows a marked clinical polymorphism, making its early diagnosis difficult. Yet, the efficiency of pathogenetic treatment for the disease is closely related to the time of its diagnosis, what is particularly relevant for infantile-onset PD. We present our clinical case of a sick baby with this condition diagnosed during life. The clinical diagnostic criteria were the neonatal form of rapidly progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, macroglossia, floppy baby syndrome. Enzymatic diagnosis in the dried blood spots revealed the low activity of the enzyme α-glucosidase. Direct GAA gene sequencing identified heterozygous mutations in the infant’s parents: с.1799 G>A (p.Arg600His) in his father and c.1951_1952 delGGinsT in his mother, which allows its early prenatal diagnosis at 9-11 weeks of gestation.