Rhabdomyolysis results from the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers, which leads to leakage of potentially toxic cellular contents into the systemic circulation. Acquired causes by direct injury to the sarcolemma are the most frequent. The inherited causes are: metabolic with failure of energy production, including mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation defects, LPIN1 mutations, inborn errors of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, more rarely mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, purine defects and peroxysomalα-Methylacyl-CoA-racemase defect (AMACR); dystrophinopathies and myopathies; calcic causes with RYR1 mutations; inflammatory with myositis. Irrespective of the cause of rhabdomyolysis, the pathophysiologic events follow a common pathway, the ATP depletion leading to an increased intracellular calcium concentration and necrosis. Most episodes of rhabdomyolysis are triggered by an environmental stress, mostly fever. This condition is associated with two events, elevated temperature and high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. We describe here an example of rhabdomyolysis related to high temperature, aldolase deficiency, in 3 siblings with episodic rhabdomyolysis without hemolytic anemia. Myoglobinuria was always triggered by febrile illnesses. We show that the underlying mechanism involves an exacerbation of aldolase A deficiency at high temperatures that affected myoblasts but not erythrocytes. Thermolability was enhanced in patient myoblasts compared to control. The aldolase A deficiency was rescued by arginine supplementation in vitro. Lipid droplets accumulated in patient myoblasts relative to control and this was increased by cytokines. Lipotoxicity may participate to myolysis. Our results expand the clinical spectrum of aldolase A deficiency to isolated temperature-dependent rhabdomyolysis, and suggest that thermolability may be tissue specific. We also propose a treatment for this severe disease. Some other diseases involved in rhabdomyolysis may implicate pro-inflammatory cytokines and may be proinflammatory diseases.

Large number of ophthalmological problems has been found in patients with glycogenosis type II (Pompe disease, PD). Since enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been introduced ophthalmic examination in the routine follow-up gained a special role in infantile-onset Pompe disease and prolonged survival. Currently a number of cases with ophthalmic disorder as the first sign of PD is known. Histopathological features of glycogen deposits in various eye structures has been described. Current review summarizes PubMed data on ophthalmopathy in PD.

The Russian literature gives inadequate attention to the problem of one of the most common form of autosomal recessive progressive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies type 2A (LGMD2A) (calpainopathy). This paper highlights current views on the physiological role of calpain 3 protein, possible pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of myodystrophy, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic approaches. Clinical neurologists» awareness of LGMD2A will be able to reduce the time to a correct diagnosis, to take measures to slow down the rate of disease progression, to make medical and genetic counselling, a follow-up, and monitoring, as well as to use measures for the physical and social adaptation of a patient. Key words: progressive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, calpainopathy, calpain 3, inherited myopathy, creatinine phosphokinase, electromyography, muscle magnetic resonance imaging, genetic analysis, muscle biopsy, differential diagnosis.

Charcot–Marie–Tooth hereditary neuropathy (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, CMT) is the most common form of hereditary neuropathies, accompanied by sensory disorders, progressive muscle weakness with the formation of disabling contractures of the limbs. Currently, the main treatment program is effective CMT habilitation, which can prevent the development of limb deformities and thereby improve the life quality of the patient. Stretch therapy is one of the most effective methods of prevention and treatment of contractures in patients with CMT. This article provides a brief review of the literature regarding the use of stretching as physical therapy program of CMT habilitation.

Presents clinical case the hereditary progressive muscular dystrophy type 2A (calpainopathy). Shows diagnostic difficulties and feature of presents clinical observations. This case is significance, as in the domestic scientific literature presents few articles on clinical examples of this muscle pathology.

Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathy (MIM 118200) is a rare genetic variant of myelinopathy with autosomal-dominant type of inheritance. Multiple exostosis bones are signs of multiple exostoses chondrodysplasia, genetically heterogeneous form of systemic bone disease with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The combination of two rare autosomal dominant diseases, affecting bone and peripheral nervous system in a pair of monozygotic twins and their father in one family, belongs to a unique clinical observations: since early childhood twins presented sharp reduction of the conduction velocity in all investigated motor nerves (>10 times) together with multiple exostosis bone, confirmed by x-ray with a relatively benign course. Similar manifestations were detected in the patients father. DNA analysis confirmed the presence of 2 separate mutations in 2 different genes, с.389А>G/N gene MPZ and c.678С>А/N EXT2 gene that was inherited autosomal dominant manner, independently of each members of the same family.